Article In Press | Published on: July 02, 2026
Volume: 2, Issue: 2
1. Department of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.
2. Federal Polytechnic Ugep, Cross River State, Nigeria.
3. College of Health Technology Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.
4. Department of Public Health, Chitechma University, Buea, Cameroon.
Corresponding Author: Favour Achi Inyang-Ogim, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.
Citation: Favour A. I. O, Okoi I. Ubi, Oyama V. Ofuka, Ngeniform S. Atanga, Ngala M. Talah. (2026). Knowledge, Risk Perceptions and Pattens of Hookah/Water Pipe Smokers in Calabar Metropolis, Cross River State, Journal of Biomedical Research and Clinical Reviews, RPC Publisher, 2(2); 1-10.
Copyright: © 2026 Inyang-Ogim Favour Achi, this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Background: Frequent consumption of hookah has now gained popularity among young urban populations despite contribution on its general health effect.
Aim: This study aimed to assess the knowledge, Risk perception, and Patterns of hookah smokers in Calabar Metropolis, Cross River State, Nigeria.
Methodology: A comparative cross-sectional descriptive design, using two-stage sampling method and snowball sampling technique was used to select respondents in selected bars, lounges, and nightclubs, with a sample size of 90 participants. Data were collected via a semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire, data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Data were summarized using descriptive statistics
Results: Majority of respondents 79(87.8%) are knowledgeable about the health effects of hookah smoking, 62 % had high perceived risk of respiratory outcome and64% of the respondents had increased frequency and longer duration of hookah sessions
Conclusion: The study recommends enforcing strict government regulations on hookah use in public places, and providing regular respiratory health screenings and counseling for smokers to support early detection and informed health decisions.
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